What is a key aspect of the labeling theory's view on corporate crime as suggested by Cicourel (1968)?

Labeling theory, as suggested by Cicourel (1968), emphasizes that societal reactions to behavior, including crime, vary significantly based on the social status of individuals. A key aspect of this theory is the concept that middle-class behaviors, including those related to corporate crime, are more likely to be negotiated or treated leniently within the legal system. This can be attributed to the social networks, resources, and influence that middle-class individuals and corporations possess, which allow them to shape the legal outcomes in their favor.

Cicourel's observations highlight how the criminal justice system often views middle-class offenders differently from those of lower socioeconomic status. As a result, middle-class offenders, or corporate actors, may use their negotiating power to mitigate the consequences of their actions, illustrating a bias in how laws are applied. This highlights the idea that not all individuals face the same repercussions for their actions, challenging the notion of equality within the legal framework.

In contrast, other options do not align with the key principles of labeling theory. The idea that all individuals face the same legal consequences disregards the systemic inequities highlighted in the theory. Similarly, the notion that middle-class individuals are punished more harshly contradicts the findings that suggest leniency based on