What is the labeling theory?

Labeling theory fundamentally posits that societal reactions to an individual's behavior can significantly influence that individual's self-identity and actions. It suggests that when individuals are labeled as deviant by society—whether through stigmatization or formal labeling such as being convicted of a crime—they may internalize this label, leading to further deviant behavior. This process highlights the role of social reactions and perceptions in the development of self-identities related to deviance.

In the context of labeling theory, it is important to understand that the initial act of deviance may not be as significant as the subsequent societal response. The stigma associated with being labeled as a "criminal" or "deviant" can lead to exclusion from social groups and opportunities, reinforcing a cycle of deviant behavior. This concept emphasizes the social construction of deviance rather than viewing it purely as an inherent trait of individuals.

The other theories mentioned—concerning law creation, learned behavior, and psychological factors—explore different aspects of criminality and deviance but do not encompass the critical idea that societal labeling plays a crucial role in the development of deviant identities.