What social phenomenon can lead to increased levels of crime and deviance during times of instability?

The correct answer is C, as anomie refers to a breakdown of social norms and values that typically guide behavior within a society. This phenomenon often occurs during times of instability, such as economic downturns, political upheaval, or major social changes, when individuals feel disconnected from the collective values and expectations of their society.

When anomie sets in, individuals may experience confusion about societal norms and may become more likely to engage in criminal or deviant behavior as a response to the lack of clear moral guidance. The disintegration of social cohesion can create a sense of ambiguity about what is acceptable, leading some people to disregard laws and social norms altogether.

In contrast, social cohesion denotes the bonds that bring individuals together, promoting adherence to societal norms and reducing the likelihood of crime. Normalcy implies a state of regularity and stability, which would typically see lower crime rates. Compliance refers to the act of adhering to rules or laws, which would not lead to increased crime or deviance. Thus, during periods of instability where anomie prevails, crime and deviance are more likely to increase as individuals seek alternative means to fulfill their needs outside of societal norms.