Which of the following best distinguishes crime from deviance?

The distinction between crime and deviance is a fundamental concept in sociology, particularly in understanding social order and control. The correct answer highlights that crime is specifically defined as any action that violates established laws, which are formalized by the governing authorities and carry legal penalties. In contrast, deviance refers to behaviors or actions that diverge from societal norms or expectations but may not necessarily have legal ramifications.

This distinction is essential because not all deviant behavior is criminal; for instance, unconventional hairstyles or alternative lifestyles may be seen as deviant but do not break any laws. Conversely, not every crime is viewed as deviant in the same way—certain activities may be legal but stigmatized. Understanding this difference helps clarify how societies regulate behavior through both legal and informal means, thus integrating the concepts of law and cultural norms within the sociological framework.

Other options do not accurately capture this nuance, as they either conflate the two concepts, assert that all deviance is criminal, or misrepresent the relationship between crime and deviance.