Which theory suggests that societal expectations can lead individuals to commit crimes?

Strain theory posits that societal expectations and the pressure to achieve culturally approved goals can lead individuals to commit crimes, especially when they experience a disconnect between these goals and the means available to achieve them. This theory was developed by sociologist Robert K. Merton, who argued that not everyone has equal access to the legitimate means of achieving success, such as education and employment. When individuals find that they cannot attain success through traditional means, they may resort to deviance or criminal behavior as an alternative way to fulfill their aspirations.

In this context, when societal expectations impose high standards of success without providing adequate opportunities for all, the resulting strain can lead individuals to adopt illegitimate means to achieve their goals. Consequently, strain theory highlights the relationship between societal pressures and criminal behavior, making it a significant framework for understanding why individuals might commit crimes in response to unmet expectations.